Artificial Intelligence (AI) Deployments in Africa: Benefits, Challenges and Policy Dimensions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23962/10539/30361Abstract
The deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is proliferating on the African continent, but policy responses are still at their early stages. This article provides an overview of the main elements of AI deployment in Africa, AI's core benefits and challenges in African settings, and AI's core policy dimensions for the continent. It is argued that for AI to build, rather than undermine, socio-economic inclusion in African settings, policymakers need to be cognisant of the following key dimensions: gender equity, cultural and linguistic diversity, and labour market shifts.
References
Abbott, J. (2020). Masakhane: Machine translation for Africa [Presentation]. AfricaNLP Workshop, 26 April. https://slideslive.com/38926605/masakhane-machine-trans-lation-for-africa
Access Partnership. (2017). Artificial intelligence for Africa: An opportunity for growth, development, and democratisation. University of Pretoria. https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/7/ZP_Files/ai-for-africa.zp165664.pdf
Adams, R., Fourie, W., Marivate, V., & Plantinga, P. (2020). Introducing the series: Can AI and data support a more inclusive and equitable South Africa? AI and Data Series 1. Report for the Policy Action Network (PAN). https://policyaction.org.za/sites/de-fault/files/PAN_TopicalGuide_AIData1_IntroSeries_Elec.pdf
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020). The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsz022
Adeoye, A. (2019, April 16). Google has opened its first Africa artificial intelligence lab in Ghana. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/14/africa/google-ai-center-ac-cra-intl/index.html
African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS). (n.d.). https://nexteinstein.org/
African Master’s in Machine Intelligence (AMMI). (n.d.). https://aimsammi.org/
Agence Nationale de la Promotion de la Recherche Scientifique (ANPR). (2018). National AI Strategy: unlocking Tunisia’s capabilities potential. http://www.anpr.tn/nation-al-ai-strategy-unlocking-tunisias-capabilities-potential/
AI4D. (2019). AI for development workshop notes, April 3-5, Nairobi, Kenya: Day 1.
AI4D Africa (2020, 30 September). Call for proposals for policy research centres. https://ai4d.ai/call-policy-research/
AI4D Africa. (n.d.). About. https://ai4d.ai/about/
African Union (AU). (2014). Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection. https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-cyber-security-and-person-al-data-protection
AU. (2020). Status list. Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection. https://au.int/en/treaties/african-union-convention-cyber-security-and-personal-da-ta-protection
AU Specialised Technical Committee on Communication and Information Communication Technologies (AU STC-CICT) (2019). Sharm-El-Sheikh Declaration. https://au.int/en/decisions/2019-sharm-el-sheikh-declaration-stc-cict-3
AU Cybersecurity Expert Group (AUCSEG). (2019, December 12). African Union Cybersecurity Expert Group holds its first inaugural meeting. [Press release]. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20191212/african-union-cybersecurity-ex-pert-group-holds-its-first-inaugural-meeting
Assefa, S. (2018, December 11). IBM research, Hello Tractor pilot agriculture digital wal- let based on AI and blockchain. [Blog post]. IBM. https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2018/12/hello-tractor/
Association for Progressive Communications (APC), Article 19, & Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). (2019). Global information society watch 2019: Artificial intelligence: Human rights, social justice and development. https://giswatch.org/2019-artificial-intelligence-human-rights-social-justice-and-devel-opment
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279– 1333. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552801
Bajaj, V. (2011, November 25). A new capital of call centers. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/26/business/philippines-overtakes-india-as-hub-of-call-centers.html
Besaw, C., & Filitz, J. (2019, January 16). AI & global governance: AI in Africa is a dou- ble-edged sword. Centre for Policy Research, United Nations University. https://cpr.unu.edu/ai-in-africa-is-a-double-edged-sword.html
Birhane, A. (2019, July 18). The algorithmic colonization of Africa. Real Life. https://realli-femag.com/the-algorithmic-colonization-of-africa/
Bonnet, F., Vanek, J., & Chen, M. (2019). Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical brief. Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO). https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/publication/wcms_711798.pdf
Brandusescu, A., Freuler, J. O., & Thakur, D. (2017). Artificial intelligence: Starting the pol- icy dialogue in Africa. World Wide Web Foundation. https://webfoundation.org/docs/2017/12/Artificial-Intelligence-starting-the-policy-dialogue-in-Africa.pdf
Burgess, M. (2020, March 24). What is GDPR? The summary guide to GDPR compliance in the UK. Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/what-is-gdpr-uk-eu-legisla-tion-compliance-summary-fines-2018
Calo, R. (2017). Artificial intelligence policy: A primer and roadmap. UC Davis Law Review, 51(2), 339–435. https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/51/2/Symposium/51-2_Calo.pdf
Centre for Law, Technology and Society (CLTS). (2020). We Robot 2020. Virtual confer- ence, 22-25 September, CLTS, University of Ottawa. https://techlaw.uottawa.ca/werobot
Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR). (n.d.). https://www.cair.za.net/
Chimhangwa, K. (2020, January 30). How Zimbabwe’s biometric ID scheme (and China’s AI aspirations) threw a wrench into the 2018 election. Advox. https://advox.global-voices.org/2020/01/30/how-zimbabwes-biometric-id-scheme-and-chinas-ai-aspi-rations-threw-a-wrench-into-the-2018-election/
Coleman, D. (2019). Digital colonialism: The 21st century scramble for Africa through the extraction and control of user data and the limitations of data protection laws. Michigan Journal of Race and Law, 24(2), 417–439. https://doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.24.2.digital
Comninos, A., Muller, E. S., & Mutung’u, G. (2019). Artificial intelligence for sustainable human development. In Association for Progressive Communications (APC), Article 19, & Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). (Eds.), Global information society watch 2019: Artificial intelligence: Human rights, social justice and development. https://giswatch.org/2019-artificial-intelligence-hu-man-rights-social-justice-and-development
Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. (2019). Data colonialism: Rethinking big data’s relation to the contemporary subject. Television and New Media, 20(4), 336–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632
Cyr, H. (2019). Not knowing what hit you and the disruptive potential of the disgruntled: Risks of geopolitical instabilities caused by artificial intelligence and emerging technologies. Paper presented to Geopolitics of Artificial Intelligence Symposium, Digital Inclusion Lab, Global Affairs Canada, Ottawa, 12 March. https://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/hugo_cyr_not_knowing_what_hit_you.pdf
Data Science Africa. (n.d.). http://www.datascienceafrica.org/ Data Science for Social Impact. (n.d.). https://dsfsi.github.io/
Data Science Nigeria (DSN). (n.d.). https://www.datasciencenigeria.org/
Deep Learning Indaba. (2019). Together we build African artificial intelligence: Outcomes of the 2nd annual Deep Learning Indaba. https://deeplearningindaba.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/annualindaba2018report-v1.pdf
Deep Learning Indaba. (n.d.). https://deeplearningindaba.com/
Department of Telecommunications and Postal Services (DTPS). (2019). Terms of Reference for the Presidential Commission on the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Government of South Africa. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201904/42388gen209.pdf
Dishman, L. (2018, October 30). These African women coders are changing the face of tech industry. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90254209/meet-the-afri-can-women-who-are-changing-the-ratio-in-tech
Effoduh, J. O. (2020, October 20). 7 ways that African states are legitimizing artificial intelligence. [Blog post]. Open African Innovation Research (Open AIR). https://openair.africa/7-ways-that-african-states-are-legitimizing-artificial-intelligence/
European Commission (EC). (2018). Artificial intelligence for Europe. https://www.european-sources.info/record/communication-artificial-intelligence-for-europe/
EU. (n.d.). Complete guide to GDPR compliance. https://gdpr.eu/
EY Consulting. (2018). Artificial intelligence in Middle East and Africa: Outlook for 2019 and beyond: How 112 major companies benefit from AI. Commissioned by Microsoft. https://info.microsoft.com/rs/157-GQE-382/images/report-SRGCM1065.pdf
Facebook for Developers. (n.d.). Free Basics platform examples. https://developers.facebook.com/docs/internet-org/examples
FinIntell. (2020, November 14). Nigeria establishes National Centre for Artificial Intelligence [and] Robotics. https://www.myfinancialintelligence.com/telecoms-and-it/nigeria-establishes-national-centre-artificial-intelligence-robotics
Foster, L., Van Wiele, B., & Schonwetter, T. (2020). Narratives of artificial intelligence in a gendered and racialized world: Emergence on the African continent. Paper presented to We Robot virtual conference, 22-25 September, hosted by Centre for Law, Technology and Society (CLTS), University of Ottawa. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tFH7fbhUZvImth3guR0rez_FUfN77jQd/view
Frey, C., & Osborne, M. (2013). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to comput- erisation? Working paper. Oxford University. https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf
Fuglie, K., Gautam, M., Goyal, A., & Maloney, W. F. (2019). Harvesting prosperity: Technology and productivity growth in agriculture. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1393-1
Future of Life Institute. (n.d.). AI policy – Tunisia. https://futureoflife.org/ai-policy-tuni-sia/?cn-reloaded=1
Geist, M. (2019, November 1). The global forum on AI for humanity: A global forum that excluded the globe [Blog post]. https://www.michaelgeist.ca/2019/11/the-global-forum-on-ai-for-humanity-a-global-forum-that-excluded-the-globe/
Global Network of Internet and Society Research Centers (NoC). (2017). Global Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Inclusión – Rio de Janeiro, 8–10 November. http://cortexlogic.com/2017/11/18/global-symposium-on-artificial-intelligence-inclu-sion-rio-de-janeiro/
Government Information Service (GIS). (2018, December 20). Strategic plans will enable the digital transformation of Mauritius, says Minister Sawmynaden. Government of Mauritius. http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Strategic-Plans-will-en-able-the-digital-transformation-of-Mauritius,-says-Minister-Sawmynaden.aspx
Government of Mauritius (2018). Mauritius Artificial Intelligence Strategy. https://cib.gov-mu.org/Documents/Strategies/Mauritius%20AI%20Strategy%20(7).pdf
Gwagwa, A. (2018). Ethiopia should re-direct its cyber capabilities towards legitimate na- tional interests. Global South Initiative (GSI).
Gwagwa, A. (n.d.). Social inclusion and diversity in algorithm design and applications. https://www.academia.edu/37424447/Social_inclusion_and_Diversity_in_algorithms_de-sign_and_applications
Hagerty, A., & Rubinov, I. (2019). Global AI ethics: A review of the social impacts and ethical implications of artificial intelligence. Cornell University. https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07892
Hamann, R. (2018, January 4). Developing countries need to wake up to the risk of new technologies. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/developing-countries-need-to-wake-up-to-the-risks-of-new-technologies-87213
IEEE. (n.d.). Ethically aligned design (1st ed.). https://standards.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-standards/standards/web/documents/other/ead1e.pdf
IEEE Computer Society. (2019, November 1). Call for papers: Artificial intelligence in government. https://www.computer.org/digital-library/magazines/co/call-for-pa-pers-artificial-intelligence-in-government-cfp
International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). (2020). AfricaNLP Work- shop, 26 April.
International Labour Office (ILO). (2018). Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture (3rd ed.). https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_626831/lang--en/index.htm
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2019). United Nations activities on artificial intelligence (AI). https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/gen/S-GEN-UNACT-2019-1-PDF-E.pdf
Kenyan Wall Street. (2018, February 28). Kenya Govt unveils 11 member Blockchain & AI Taskforce headed by Bitange Ndemo. https://kenyanwallstreet.com/kenya-govt-un-veils-11-member-blockchain-ai-taskforce-headed-by-bitange-ndemo/
Kenya Revenue Authority. (2019). Annual revenue performance report. https://www.kra.go.ke/images/publications/Revenue-Performance-Report-2018-19.pdf
Knowledge 4 All Foundation (K4A). (n.d.). Global South map of emerging areas in artificial intelligence. https://www.k4all.org/project/aiecosystem/
Koene, A., Clifton, C., Hatada, Y., Webb, H., Patel, M., Machado, C. … Reisman, D. (2019). A governance framework for algorithmic accountability and transparency. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/624262/EPRS_STU(2019)624262_EN.pdf
Kulesz, M. (2018). Culture, platforms and machines: The impact of artificial intelligence on the diversity of cultural expressions. UNESCO Information Document. https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/12igc_inf4_en.pdf
Lasry, F. (2020). Transforming Rwanda into a living laboratory of emerging technologies: MINICT and DigiCenter develop National Emerging Technology Strategy and Action Plan. Digital Transformation Centre Kigali (DigiCenter). https://digicenter.rw/transforming-rwanda-into-a-living-laboratory-of-emerging-technologies/
Lee, K. (2018). AI superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the new world order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Lieberwitz, R. L. (2014). New technologies and working relationships in the United States. In C. S. M. Mazzucconi, & A. V. Navarro (Eds.), Tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion en relaciones de trabajo: Nuevas dimensiones del conflicto jurídico (pp. 497–518). Eolas.
Lo, G. (2019, April 8). Uncovering cultural differences between African and European story- telling with artificial intelligence. Web alliance for Regreening in Africa (W4RA). https://w4ra.org/2019/04/08/ai-to-uncovering-cultural-differences-between-afri-can-and-european-storytelling/
Lowder, S. K., Skoet, J., & Raney, T. (2016). The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World Development, 87, 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041
Machine Intelligence Institute of Africa (MIIA). (n.d.). https://miiafrica.org/
Madowo, L. (2020, April 28). Jumia: The e-commerce start-up that fell from grace. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52439546
Majama, K. (2019, April 1). African women face widening technology gap. African School on Internet Governance (AfriSIG). https://afrisig.org/2019/04/01/african-wom-en-face-widening-technology-gap
Marivate, V., Sefara, T., Chabalala, V., Makhaya, K., Mokgonyane, T., Mokoena, R., & Modupe, A. (2020). Investigating an approach for low resource language dataset creation, curation and classification: Setswana and Sepedi. https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04986
Martinus, L., & Abbott, J. Z. (2019). A focus on neural machine translation for African languages. arXivLabs, Cornell University. https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.05685
Masakhane. (n.d.). https://www.masakhane.io/
Masereka, A. J. (2019, April 8). Revealed: Details of 4th Industrial Revolution Task-force launched by Museveni leak. BusinessFocus. https://businessfocus.co.ug/revealed-de-tails-of-4th-industrial-revolution-task-force-launched-by-museveni-leak/
Mehrez, H. B. (2019). An artificial intelligence revolution in public finance management in Tunisia. In Association for Progressive Communications (APC), Article 19, & Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) (Eds.), Global information society watch 2019: Artificial intelligence: Human rights, social justice and development. https://giswatch.org/sites/default/files/gisw2019_artificial_intelligence.pdf
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT). (2020). ICT Minister Chairs National AI Council First Meeting. [Press release]. http://www.mcit.gov.eg/Media_Center/Press_Room/Press_Releases/43597
Monehin, D. (2017). How youth and women are driving entrepreneurship in Africa. [Press release]. Mastercard. https://newsroom.mastercard.com/mea/press-releases/how-youth-and-women-are-driving-entrepreneurship-in-africa/
Mpala, D. (2019, August 2). Kenyan taskforce calls for state to regulate AI and blockchain. Venture Burn. https://ventureburn.com/2019/08/kenya-report-blockchain-ai/
Musiitwa, J. M. (2018, October 12). Africa’s banks must bank on women: Offering gender-sensitive products would boost incomes and growth. Financial Times.
Ministry of Information, Communications and Technology (MICT). (2019). National In- formation, Communication and Technology (ICT) Policy, Kenya. https://www.ict.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/NATIONAL-ICT-POLICY-2019.pdf
Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9w5
Nwaodike, C. (2020, March 17). The AI digital divide – An African perspective. Internews https://internews.org/opinion/ai-digital-divide-african-perspective
Olingo, A. (2018, July 17). Google takes African startups under its wings. The East African. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Google-takes-African-startups-under-its-wings/2560-4667180-10xsx8d/index.html
Onuoha, R. (2019). AI in Africa: Regional data protection and privacy policy harmonisa- tion. In Association for Progressive Communications (APC), Article 19, & Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) (Eds.), Global information society watch 2019: Artificial intelligence: Human rights, social justice and development. https://giswatch.org/sites/default/files/gisw2019_artificial_intelligence.pdf
Open African Innovation Research (Open AIR). (n.d.). https://openair.africa/
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019a). Artificial intelligence in society. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sci-ence-and-technology/artificial-intelligence-in-society_eedfee77-en
OECD. (2019b). Recommendation of the council on artificial intelligence. OECD Legal Instruments. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449
OECD. (2019c). OECD moves forward on developing guidelines for artificial intelligence (AI). https://www.oecd.org/going-digital/ai/oecd-moves-forward-on-developing-guide-lines-for-artificial-intelligence.htm
Orife, I. F. O. (2020). Towards neural machine translation for Edoid languages. Paper presented to AfricaNLP Workshop, 26 April. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.10704.pdf
Orife, I. F. O., Kreutzer, J., Sibanda, B., Whitenack, D., Siminyu, K., Martinus, L. … Bashir, A. (2020). Masakhane: Machine translation for Africa. Paper presented to AfricaNLP Workshop, 26 April. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.11529.pdf
Oxford Insights, & International Development Research Centre (IDRC). (2019). Government artificial intelligence readiness index 2019. https://www.oxfordinsights.com/ai-readiness2019
Oxford Insights, & International Development Research Centre (IDRC). (2020). Government artificial intelligence readiness index 2020. https://www.oxfordinsights.com/government-ai-readiness-index-2020
Owoyemi, A., Owoyemi, J., Osiyemi, A., & Boyd, A. (2020, July 07). Artificial intelligence for healthcare in Africa. Frontiers in Digital Health Informatics. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2020.00006
Patel, N. (2018, November 21). Figure of the week: Understanding poverty in Africa. [Blog post]. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2018/11/21/fig-ure-of-the-week-understanding-poverty-in-africa/
Penner, K. (2019, June 11). Submission to the report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights. Algorithm Watch. https://algorithmwatch.org/en/submission-to-the-report-of-the-united-nations-special-rapporteur-on-extreme-poverty-and-human-rights/
Peters, A. (2018, August 29). This startup lets African farmers hire an on-demand tractor to boost their harvest. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/90227534/hello-tractor-and-john-deere-bring-10000-tractors-to-africa
Phillips, J. (2020, August 13). Egypt’s ICT Minister outlines country’s AI strategy in speech. Intelligent CIO. https://www.intelligentcio.com/africa/2020/08/13/egypts-ict-min-ister-outlines-countrys-ai-strategy-in-speech/
Pilling, D. (2019, July 5). Are tech companies Africa’s new colonialists? Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/4625d9b8-9c16-11e9-b8ce-8b459ed04726
Policy Action Network (PAN). (2020). AI & data topical guide series. https://policyaction.org.za/ai-data-topical-guide-series
Powles, J., & Nissenbaum. H. (2018, December 7). The seductive diversion of “solving” bias in artificial intelligence. Medium. https://onezero.medium.com/the-seductive-di-version-of-solving-bias-in-artificial-intelligence-890df5e5ef53
Punch (2019, September 23). FG to establish agency for artificial intelligence, robotics — Onu. https://punchng.com/fg-to-establish-agency-for-artificial-intelligence-ro-botics-onu/
Regional Academic Network on IT Policy (RANITP). (n.d.). https://researchictafrica.net/ranitp/
Research ICT Africa (RIA). (n.d.). https://researchictafrica.net/
Rivero, N. (2020, July 17). The poetic process powering real-time language translation in Namibia. Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/africa/1881656/the-poetic-process-power-ing-machine-translation-in-namibia/
Rizk, N., Salem, N., & Weheba, N. (2018). A gendered analysis of ridesharing: Perspectives from Cairo, Egypt. In F. Bercovich (Ed.), Urban transport in the sharing economy era: Collaborative cities. Center for the Implementation of Public Policies Promoting Equity and Growth (CIPPEC). https://www.cippec.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/09/UrbanTransport-completo-web_CIPPEC.pdf
Rizk, N. (2020). Artificial intelligence and inequality in the Middle East: The political economy of inclusion. In M. D. Dubber, F. Pasquale, & S. Das (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of ethics of AI. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067397.013.40
Romanoff, M., & Hidalgo-Sanchis, P. (2019, August 28). Building ethical AI approaches in the African context. UN Global Pulse. https://www.unglobalpulse.org/2019/08/ethical-ai-approaches-in-the-african-context/
Rouse, M. (n.d.). Artificial intelligence. TechTarget. https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/definition/AI-Artificial-Intelligence
Russon, M. A. (2019, May 28). The push towards artificial intelligence in Africa. BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48139212
Saloojee, A. (2003, January). Social inclusion, anti-racism and democratic citizenship. Working Paper Series: Perspectives on Social Inclusion. Laidlaw Foundation. https://laid-lawfdn.org/policy/working-paper-series-on-social-inclusion/
Sey, A. (2020). Sub-Saharan Africa: Regional analysis. In Oxford Insights, & International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (Eds.), Government artificial intelligence readiness index 2020. https://www.oxfordinsights.com/government-ai-readiness-in-dex-2020
Smith, M. L., & Neupane, S. (2018). Artificial intelligence and human development: Toward a research agenda. White Paper. International Development Research Centre (IDRC). https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/56949
Somers, M. (2019, May 8). Are we encouraging the wrong AI? MIT Sloan School. https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/are-we-encouraging-wrong-ai
South African Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR-SA). (n.d.). https://www.c4ir-sa.co.za/
Synced. (2020, September 4). Nigerian Government to Set Up the Nation’s Centre for AI and Robotics to Empower Students. https://syncedreview.com/2020/09/04/nige-rian-government-to-set-up-the-nations-centre-for-ai-and-robotics-to-empower-students/
Tatevossian, A. R. (2015, February 2). Pulse Lab Kampala opens, mobilising a data revolution for Uganda’s sustainable development. https://www.unglobalpulse.org/2015/02/pulse-lab-kampala-opens-mobilising-a-data-revolution-for-ugandas-sustain-able-development/
The Economist. (2019, May 23). Why big tech should fear Europe. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/03/23/why-big-tech-should-fear-europe
The Public Voice. (2018, October 23). Universal guidelines for artificial intelligence. https://thepublicvoice.org/ai-universal-guidelines/
The Tide. (2018, August 1). FG moves to establish two new agencies. http://www.thetide-newsonline.com/2018/08/01/fg-moves-to-establish-two-new-agencies
Toesland, F. (2018). Women-led tech start-ups on the rise in Africa. Africa Renewal. https://doi.org/10.18356/3e1c4795-en
Uganda Media Centre. (2019, April 8). President Museveni launches National Task Force on Industrial Revolution. https://www.mediacentre.go.ug/media/president-musev-eni-launches-national-task-force-industrial-revolution
UNESCO. (2018). Outcome statement of the forum on artificial intelligence in Africa. https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ai_outcome-statement_africa-forum_en.pdf
UNESCO. (2019). 40th Session of the General Conference – 12–27 November 2019. https://en.unesco.org/generalconference/40
UNESCO. (2020a). Artificial intelligence and gender equality. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000374174
UNESCO. (2020b). Outcome document: First draft of the recommendation on the ethics of artifi- cial intelligence, 7 September. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373434
UN Global Pulse (2018). Experimenting with big data and artificial intelligence to support peace and security. https://www.unglobalpulse.org/document/experimenting-with-big-data-and-ai-to-support-peace-and-security/
UN Global Pulse. (n.d.). https://www.unglobalpulse.org
UN Secretary General’s High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation. (2019). The age of digital interdependence. https://digitalcooperation.org/panel-launches-report-recommen-dations/
UN Women. (2018, October 4). Meet the African girls who are coding to make a difference. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2018/10/feature-african-girls-coding-to-make-a-difference
Vorhies, W. (2016, February 23). Artificial general intelligence — the holy grail of AI. [Blog post]. DataScienceCentral.com. https://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blogs/artificial-general-intelligence-the-holy-grail-of-ai
Walch, K.,(2019, July 5). How AI is transforming agriculture. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/cognitiveworld/2019/07/05/how-ai-is-transforming-agriculture/#3a8a51e-d4ad1
Whittaker, M., Crawford, K., Dobbe, R., Fried, G., Kaziunas, E., Mathur, V., … Schwartz, O. (2018). AI Now Report 2018. AI Now Institute, New York University. https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2018_Report.pdf
Wong, J. C. (2019, March 18). The Cambridge Analytica scandal changed the world – but it didn’t change Facebook. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technolo-gy/2019/mar/17/the-cambridge-analytica-scandal-changed-the-world-but-it-did-nt-change-facebook
World Bank. (2016a). World development report 2016: Digital dividends. https://www.world-bank.org/en/publication/wdr2016
World Bank. (2016b). Banking on women in Egypt. https://documents.worldbank.org/cu-rated/en/126111477992413065/pdf/109539-WP-Banking-on-Women-in-Egypt-FINAL-PUBLIC.pdf
World Bank. (2018, April 19). Financial inclusion on the rise, but gaps remain, global findex database shows. [Press release]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-re-lease/2018/04/19/financial-inclusion-on-the-rise-but-gaps-remain-global-findex-database-shows
World Economic Forum (WEF). (2017). The future of jobs and skills in the Middle East and North Africa: Preparing the region for the fourth industrial revolution. Executive Briefing. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EGW_FOJ_MENA.pdf
Wu, T. (2019, July 16). It’s time to reboot the startup economy. Medium. https://onezero.medium.com/its-time-to-reboot-the-startup-economy-822d65f9a19
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Authur Gwagwa, Erika Kraemer-Mbula, Nagla Rizk, Isaac Rutenberg, Jeremy De Beer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
- Abstract 2733
- pdf 2958
.png){kind=spacer}