Nigerian Copyright Reform and Implications for Access to Teaching and Learning Materials (TLMs) in the Digital Age
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23962/10539/26172Keywords:
copyright, access, teaching and learning materials (TLMs), public interest, access to knowledge (A2K), Nigeria, Copyright Act, draft Copyright BillAbstract
This article examines the extent to which the provisions of Nigeria's draft Copyright Bill promote access to teaching and learning materials (TLMs), with such access framed as an important public interest goal. The article highlights the weaknesses in the extant Nigerian copyright statute with regard to TLM access, and examines the extent to which the provisions of the draft Bill would provide improvement. The article concludes that while the draft Bill provides significant improvements in respect of TLM access, it also contains significant weaknesses and gaps which Nigerian lawmakers should seek to address.
References
Legal sources
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), 1994. World Trade Organisation (WTO). Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, 1982. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/
Child’s Rights Act, 2003: An Act to Provide and Protect the Right of the Nigerian Child and other related matters. Act No. 26 of 2003. Cap C50 LFN 2004. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/5568201f4.html
Compulsory, Free Universal Basic Education Act, 2004. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.lawyard.ng/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/COMPULSORY-FREE-UNIVERSAL-BASIC-EDUCATION-ACT2004.pdf
Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Promulgation Act), 2004. Cap C23 LFN 2004. Retrieved from http://www.lawnigeria.com/CONSTITUTIONHUB/index.html
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989. United Nations. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1990/09/19900902%2003-14%20AM/Ch_IV_11p.pdf
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. United Kingdom. Retrieved from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/introduction
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 1998. United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ304/pdf/PLAW-105publ304.pdf
Draft Copyright Bill 2015, Nigerian Copyright Commission. Retrieved from http://graduatedresponse.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/DRAFT_COPYRIGHT_BILL_NOVEMBER-_2015.pdf
Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or otherwise Print Disabled (MVT), 2013. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/text.jsp?file_id=301016
Nigerian Copyright Act, 1988. Cap C28 LFN, as codified 2004. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.copyright.gov.ng/index.php/legislation-regulations/227-the-nigerian-copyright-act-cap-c28
Statute of Anne, 1710. Retrieved from http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
U.S. Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=130040
WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), 1996. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/
WIPO Performance and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT), 1996. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/
Secondary sources
Adeoye, M. O., & Popoola, S. O. (2011).Teaching effectiveness, availability, accessibility, and use of library and information resources among teaching staff of schools of nursing in Osun and Oyo State, Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice, 525. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/525/
Adesomoju, A. (2017, March 1). Court declares free, compulsory basic education an enforceable right. Punch. Retrieved from https://punchng.com/court-declares-free-compulsory-basic-education-an-enforceable-right
Adewopo, A. (2012). According to intellectual property: A pro-development vision of the law and the Nigerian intellectual property law and policy reform in the knowledge era. 5th Inaugural Lecture, Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS), Lagos.
Alexander, I. (2010). Copyright law and the public interest in the nineteenth century. Oxford: Hart Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472565013
Amuda, Y. J. (2011). Child education in Nigeria: Hindrances and legal solutions. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3027–3031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.237
Armstrong, C., De Beer, J., Kawooya, D., Prabhala, A., & Schonwetter, T (Eds.). (2010). Access to knowledge in Africa: The role of copyright. Cape Town: UCT Press.
Aronsson-Storrier, A. (2016) Copyright exceptions and contract in the UK: The im- pact of recent amendments. Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property, 6(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2016.01.06
Brende, B. (2015). Why education is key to development. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/07/why-education-is-the-key-to-development/
Chanda, D. H., Phiri, S. N. A., & Nkosha, D. C. (n.d.). Teaching and learning materials analysis and development in basic education. UNESCO Basic Education Capacity Building Project: Training Kits for Local NGOs: Theme 3. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001320/132019eo.pdf
Christie, A. F. (2007). Cultural institutions, digitisation and copyright reform. U of Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 303. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1081733
Christie, A. F., & Wright, R. (2014). A comparative analysis of the three-step tests in international treaties. ICC – International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 45(4), 409–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-014-0202-2
Clifford, I. B., & Oghenenyerhovwome, O. F. (2014). Violation of copyright law through photocopying in tertiary institution: Case study of Delta State University Abraka. Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research, 1(2), 301–310.
Commission on Intellectual Property Rights (CIPR). (2002). Integrating intellectual property rights and development policy. Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights. London: UK Government. Retrieved from http://www.iprcommission.org/papers/pdfs/final_report/CIPRfullfinal.pdf
Cronqvist, J. (2010). The future of copyright: Digitisation and fair use in the digital millen- nium. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Law, Lund University, Sweden. Retrieved from http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1698259&fil-eOId=1698263
Czerniewicz, L., Deacon, A., Fife, M., Small, J., & Walji, S. (2015). CILT position paper: MOOCs. Centre of Innovation in Learning and Teaching (CILT), University of Cape Town. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14041
De Zwart, M. (2006). Fair use? Fair dealing? Copyright Reporter, 24(1&2), 20–37. Distance Education UK. (2003). Distance vs. open learning. Retrieved from http://www.distance-learning.co.uk/whatis/dlvol.htm
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). (n.d.) The three step-test. Retrieved from https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/three-step_test_fnl.pdf
Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL).(2016). EIFL Draft Law on Copyright including Model Exceptions and Limitations for Libraries and their Users Based on WIPO Draft Law on Copyright and related Eights (Version 2005). Recommendations by EIFL 2016. Work in Progress. Retrieved from http://www.eifl.net/system/files/resources/201607/eifl_draft_law_2016_online.pdf
EIFL. (2009a). Handbook on copyright and related issues for libraries. Retrieved from http://www.eifl.net/resources/eifl-handbook-copyright-and-related-issues-libraries-english
EIFL. (2009b). Statement of principles on copyright exceptions and limitations for libraries.
European Commission (EC). (2013). Analysis and mapping of innovative teaching and learning for all through new technologies and open educational resources in Europe. Commission Staff Working Document.
Federal Ministry of Education. (2015). Education for all, a collective responsibility. Nigeria EFA Review Report 2000–2014. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002310/231081e.pdf
Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2013). National Policy on Education (6th ed.) Lagos: Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC).
Geiger, C. (2007). From Berne to national law, via the Copyright Directive: The dangerous mutations of the three-step test. European Intellectual Property Review (EIPR), 29(12), 486–491.
Geiger, C., Gervais, D. J., & Senftleben, M. (2014). The three-step test revisited: How to use the test’s flexibility in national copyright law. American University International Law Review,29(3), 581–626. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2356619
Ginsburg, J. (2004). The (new?) right of making available to the public. Columbia Public Law & Legal Theory Working Papers, Paper 0478. Retrieved from http://lsr.nellco.org/columbia_pllt/0478
Hackett, T. (2016). Core library exceptions and checklist: Does your copyright law support library activities and services? Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL). Retrieved from https://www.eifl.net/resources/core-library-exceptions-checklist-does-your-copyright-law-support-library-activities-and
Hongladarom, S. (2007). Information divide, information and global justice. International Review of Information Ethics, 7, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.29173/irie8
Hargreaves, I. (2011). Digital opportunity: A review of intellectual property and growth. Independent report for the UK Government. London. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/digital-opportunity-review-of-intellectual-property-and-growth
Hudson, E., & Kenyon, A. T. (2007). Digital access: The impact of copyright on digitisation practices in Australian museums, galleries, libraries and archives. U of Melbourne Legal Studies Research Paper No. 300. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1065622
Hughes, J. (1988). The philosophy of intellectual property. Georgetown Law Journal, 77, 287– 366.
Ige Akindele, M. (2014). Challenges facing the achievement of Education for All (EFA) and education related Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in Nigeria. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 3, 65–72. Retrieved from https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JPID/article/view/9282
International Organisation for Migration (IOM). (2014). Needs assessment in the Nigerian education sector. Abuja. Retrieved from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/needs_assessment_nigerianeducsector.pdf
Jaszi, P., Carroll, M., & Flynn, S. (2016). Comments of U.S. copyright scholars on Draft Copyright Bill 2015: Nigerian Copyright Commission. Retrieved from http://www.pijip.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/PIJIP-NCC-comment.pdf
Jonker, J. D. (2009). Access to learning materials in South Africa: The convergence of developmental and rights-based arguments for access to knowledge. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1455943
Kapczynski, A. (2010). Access to knowledge: A conceptual genealogy. In G. Krikorian, & A. Kapczynski (Eds.) (2010), Access to knowledge in the age of intellectual property (pp. 17–56). New York: Zone Books.
Kretschmer, M., Derclaye, E., Favale, M., & Watt, R. (2010). The relationship between copyright and contract law. Research commissioned by Strategic Advisory Board for Intellectual Property Policy (SABIP). London. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2710614
Krikorian, G., & Kapczynski, A. (Eds.) (2010). Access to knowledge in the age of intellectual property. New York: Zone Books.
Lewinski, S. V. (2008). International copyright law and policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Litman, J. (2006). Digital copyright. New York: Prometheus Books.
Moja, T. (2000). Nigeria education sector analysis: An analytical synthesis of performance and main issues. For the World Bank. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NIGERIAEXTN/Resources/ed_sec_analysis.pdf
Naidu, S. (2006). E-learning: A guidebook of principles, procedures and practices (2nd revised ed.). New Delhi: Commonwealth Educational Media Center for Asia (CEMCA).
National Planning Commission (NPC). (2009). Nigeria vision 20: 2020: Economic transformation blueprint. x Retrieved from http://www.nationalplanning.gov.ng/images/docs/NationalPlans/nigeria-vision-20-20-20.pdf
National Research Council. (2000). The digital dilemma: Intellectual property in the information age. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9601
Nigerian Copyright Commission (NCC). (2018, June 29). Federal Executive Council approves Draft Copyright Bill 2017. Retrieved from http://www.copyright.gov.ng/index.php/news-events/item/433-federal-executive-council-approves-draft-copyright-bill-2017
Oguamanam, C. (2011). Beyond ‘Nollywood’ and piracy: In search of an IP policy for Nigeria. NIALS Journal of Intellectual Property (NJIP),1, 3–37.
Okediji, R. L. (2006).The international copyright system: Limitations, exceptions and public interest considerations for developing countries. Issue Paper No. 15. UNCTAD- ICTSD Project on IPRs and Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.7215/IP_IP_20060601
Ola, K. (2015). Evolution and future trends of copyright in Nigeria. In B. Fitzgerald, & J. Gilchrist (Eds.), Copyright perspectives: Past, present and prospect (pp. 97–124). Basel: Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15913-3_7
Olibie, E. I., Nwabunwanne, C., & Ezenwanne, D. N. (2013). Teachers’ improvisation of instructional materials for Nigerian home economics curriculum delivery: Challenges and strategies. International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology, 4(4), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijavet.2013100105
Olojo, O. J., Adewunmi, M. G., & Ajisola, K. T. (2012). E-learning and its effects on teaching and learning in a global age. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2(1), 203–210.
Onwurah, C. U., & Chiaha, G. T. U. (2007). Open university and distant learning: A panacea to enhanced access to higher education. In J. B. Babalola, G. O. Akpa, A. O. Ayeni, & S. O Adedeji (Eds.), Access, equity and quality in higher education (pp. 109–120). Nigerian Association for Educational Administration and Planning (NAEAP).
Oye, N. D., Salleh, M., & Iahad, N. A. (2011). Challenges of e-learning in Nigerian university education based on the experience of developed countries. International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT), 3(2), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijmit.2011.3204
Rens, A., Prabhala, A., & Kawooya, D. (2006). Intellectual property, education and access to knowledge in Southern Africa. ICTSD, UNCTAD and TRALAC. https://www.iprsonline.org/unctadictsd/docs/06%2005%2031%20tralac%20amended-pdf.pdf
Rosati, E. (2013). Copyright issues facing early stages of digitization projects. Cambridge Digital Humanities Network, Cambridge University.
Samuelson, P. (2017). Justifications for copyright limitations and exceptions. In R. L. Okediji (Ed.), Copyright law in an age of limitations and exceptions (pp. 12–59). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316450901.003
Shaver, L. (2014). Copyright and inequality. Washington University Law Review, 92(1), 117–168. https://doi.org/10.31228/osf.io/gbr8s
Solanke, O. (2014). Proposed amendments for consideration in the review of the copyright and trademarks protection for the digital environment in Nigeria. Master of Law thesis, University of Cape Town.
Standeford, D. (2015, November 22). Nigeria prepares to revamp its copyright system for the digital age. Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved from http://www.ip-watch.org/2015/11/22/nigeria-prepares-to-revamp-its-copyright-system-for-the-digital-age/
Tang, G. H. (2011). Copyright and the public interest in China. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857931078.00011
Thakrar, J., Wolfenden, F., & Zinn, D. (2009). Harnessing open education resources to the challenges of teacher education in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(4), 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v10i4.705
Trucano, M. (2013, September 30). A few myths and misconceptions about digital teaching and learning materials in Africa. World Bank. [Blog post.] Retrieved from http://blogs.worldbank.org/edutech/myths-digital-materials-africa
UK Government. (2014). Government takes important step towards modifying copyright. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-takes-important-step-towards-modernising-copyright
Umo, U. C. (2013). Education for all: Problems and prospects in Nigeria. Journal of Resourcefulness and Distinction, 6(1), 1–15.
UN. (2011). The Millennium Development Goals report. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/reports.shtml
UN Conference on Trade and Development. (2010). Development dimensions of intellectual property in Uganda: Transfer of technology, access to medicines and textbooks. Retrieved from http://unctad.org/en/docs/diaepcb200913overview_en.pdf
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). (2017). The global education 2030 agenda: Education for Sustainable Development Goals learning objectives. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002474/247444e.pdf
UNESCO. (2000). The Dakar framework for action: Education for all: Meeting our collective commitments.Adopted by the World Education Forum, Dakar, 26–28 April. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001211/121147e.pdf
UNESCO. (2005). Jakarta declaration. Adopted by the International Conference on the Right to Basic Education as a Fundamental Human Right and the Legal Framework for its Financing, Jakarta, 2–4 December.
UNESCO. (2016). Learning for all: Guidelines on the inclusion of learners with disabilities in open and distance learning. Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002443/244355e.pdf
UNESCO, & UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2013). Making education a priority of the post-2015 development agenda. Report of the Global Thematic Consultation on Education in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Paris and New York.
White, B. (2012, August). Guaranteeing access to knowledge: The role of libraries. WIPO Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2012/04/article_0004.html
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
- Abstract 248
- pdf 133