Risks of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI)-assisted scams on online sharing-economy platforms

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23962/ajic.i33.18162

Keywords:

online scams, fraud, artificial intelligence (AI), generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), sharing economy, homestay-marketplace platforms, Airbnb

Abstract

The prevalence of scams proliferating via online platforms has been identified as an emerging societal problem resulting in large-scale financial losses for victims. Online scams typically rely for their success on the generation of fake but convincing user profiles to conceal the identities of the scammers from the people being tricked into parting with their money. The increasing sophistication of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), which can produce outputs indistinguishable from real content, thus carries the risk of being adopted by fraudsters to assist in the enactment of online scams. This article considers the risks of the potential uptake and use of GenAI applications by online scammers operating in the sharing economy, with a focus on homestay-marketplace platforms and, in particular, the largest such platform, Airbnb.

References

Airbnb. (2022, May 13). Airbnb launches the Trust & Safety Advisory Coalition. Airbnb Newsroom.https://news.airbnb.com/airbnb-launches-trust-safety-advisory-coalition

Airbnb. (2024, August 1). Airbnb fast facts. Airbnb Newsroom. Retrieved August 1, 2024, from https://news.airbnb.com/about-us

Airbnb. (n.d.-a). Cancellation policies for your listing. Airbnb Help Centre. https://www.airbnb. co.za/help/article/475

Airbnb. (n.d.-b). When you’ll get your refund. Airbnb Help Centre. https://www.airbnb.co.za/help/article/1967

Alawida, M., Shawar, B. A., Abiodun, O. I., Mehmood, A., Omolara, A. E., & Al Hwaitat, A. K. (2024). Unveiling the dark side of ChatGPT: Exploring cyberattacks and enhancing user awareness. Information, 15(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010027

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2023, February 22). 13.2 million Australians exposed to scams. [Media release]. https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/132-million-australians-exposed-scams

Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC). (2022). Targeting scams. Report of the ACCC on scams activity 2021. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Targeting%20scams%20-%20report%20of%20the%20ACCC%20on%20scams%20activity%202021.pdf

Bélanger De Blois, M. (2021). Deceptive short-term rental operations. [Master’s thesis, McGill University, Montreal]. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/papers/08612t424

Bensinger, G. (2019, September 26). When rides go wrong: How Uber’s investigations unit works to limit the company’s liability. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/09/25/ubers-investigations-unit-finds-what-went-wrong-rides-its-never-companys-fault

Brooks, K. J. (2023, October 6). Americans reported $2.7 billion in losses from scams on social media, FTC says. CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/online-fraud-losses-detection-social-media

Caldwell, M., Andrews, J. T. A., Tanay, T., & Griffin, L. D. (2020). AI-enabled future crime. Crime Science, 9(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8

Carville, O. (2021, June 15). Airbnb is spending millions of dollars to make nightmares go away. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-06-15/airbnb-spends-millions-making-nightmares-at-live-anywhere-rentals-go-away

CBS News. (2023, September 21). Airbnb cracking down on fake listings [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vOENIwhP-IE

Corporate Finance Institute (CFI). (2023). Bait and switch. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/management/bait-and-switch

Clark, J. (2022, June 29). UK victims lost £1.3bn in 2021 amid surge in online fraud, new data shows. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/jun/29/uk-victims-lost-13bn-in-2021-amid-surge-in-online-new-data-shows

Clark, J. (2023, May 11). Social media firms should reimburse online fraud victims, say UK bankers. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2023/may/11/social-media-firms-should-reimburse-online-fraud-victim-uk-finance

Clark, J., & Wood, Z. (2023, June 16). Victims speak out over ‘tsunami’ of fraud on Instagram, Facebook and WhatsApp. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/jun/16/victims-speak-out-over-fraud-on-instagram-facebook-and-whatsapp

Conti, A. (2019, October 31). I accidentally uncovered a nationwide scam on Airbnb. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/43k7z3/nationwide-fake-host-scam-on-airbnb

Cross, C. (2022). Using artificial intelligence (AI) and deepfakes to deceive victims: The need to rethink current romance fraud prevention messaging. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 24(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-021-00134-w

Cross, C. (2023). Romance baiting, cryptorom and ‘pig butchering’: An evolutionary step in romance fraud. Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 36(3), 334–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10345329.2023.2248670

Cudd, G. (2022). Fiverr scams: What they are & how to avoid them. Don’t Do It Yourself. https://ddiy.co/fiverr-scams-how-to-avoid

Dartmouth College.(n.d.). Artificial intelligence coined at Dartmouth. https://home.dartmouth.edu/about/artificial-intelligence-ai-coined-dartmouth

Dent, S. (2022, July 14). Uber sued by more than 500 women over sexual assault and kidnapping claims. Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/uber-sued-by-more-than-500-women-over-rapes-kidnappings-assaults-092733782.html

Ekstein, N. (2023, October 2). Airbnb is fundamentally broken, its CEO says. He plans to fix it. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-02/airbnb-is-broken-its-ceo-says-here-are-his-plans-to-fix-it

Eliot, L. (2023, March 1). Generative AI ChatGPT as masterful manipulator of humans, worrying AI ethics and AI law. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lanceeliot/2023/03/01/generative-ai-chatgpt-as-masterful-manipulator-of-humans-worrying-ai-ethics-and-ai-law/

Fergusson, A. (2021, October 11). 127,183 Airbnb guest complaints expose scams, safety concerns, infestations & more. Asher & Lyric. https://www.asherfergusson.com/airbnb

Federal Trade Commission (FTC). (2022). What to know about romance scams. Federal Trade Commission Consumer Advice. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/what-know-about-romance-scams

Gallagher, L. (2018). The Airbnb story. Mariner Books.

García-Peñalvo, F., & Vázquez-Ingelmo, A. (2023). What do we mean by GenAI? A systematic mapping of the evolution, trends, and techniques involved in generative AI. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, 8(4), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2023.07.006

Gebbia, J. (2016). How Airbnb designs for trust [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/joe_gebbia_how_airbnb_designs_for_trust/transcript

Gillespie, E. (2023, January 22). Stranded at sea: Amateur female sailors speak of sexual abuse by captains they met online. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/jan/23/stranded-at-sea-amateur-female-sailors-speak-of-sexual-abuse-by-captains-they-met-online

Giuffrida, A., & Wilson, A. (2018, September 12). Man jailed in Italy for selling fake TripAdvisor reviews. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/12/man-jailed-italy-selling-fake-tripadvisor-reviews-promo-salento

Gupta, M., Akiri, C., Aryal, K., Parker, E., & Praharaj, L. (2023). From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of generative AI in cybersecurity and privacy. IEEE Access, 11, 80218–80245. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10198233

Hartmans, A. (2017, August 10). Airbnb now has more listings worldwide than the top five hotel brands combined. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/airbnb-total-worldwide-listings-2017-8

Heikkilä, M. (2023, February 7). Why detecting AI-generated text is so difficult (and what to do about it). MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/07/1067928/why-detecting-ai-generated-text-is-so-difficult-and-what-to-do-about-it

Helmus, T. C. (2022). Artificial intelligence, deepfakes, and disinformation. A primer. RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PEA1043-1.html

Hermann, E. (2021). Artificial intelligence and mass personalization of communication content—An ethical and literacy perspective. New Media & Society, 24, 1258–1277. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211022702

Hill, M. (2023, November 8). Generative AI could erode customer trust, half of business leaders say. CSO Online. https://www.csoonline.com/article/1071129/generative-ai-could-erode-customer-trust-half-of-business-leaders-say.html

Holmes, A. (2019, October 25). More than 30 women are suing Lyft, saying the company didn’t do enough to protect them from sexual assault and kidnapping. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/lyft-lawsuit-women-claiming-lack-of-sexual-assault-kidnapping-protection-2019-10

Igual, R. (2018, April 3). Stripped & robbed: Another suspected online dating attack in Pretoria. Mamba Online. https://www.mambaonline.com/2018/04/03/stripped-robbed-another-online-dating-attack-pretoria

Igual, R. (2023, February 16). Four arrested over “Grindr Gang” attacks. Mamba Online. https://www.mambaonline.com/2023/02/16/breaking-four-arrested-over-grindr-gang-attacks

Isacenkova, J., Thonnard, O., Costin, A., Francillon, A., & Balzarotti, D. (2014). Inside the scam jungle: A closer look at 419 scam email operations. EURASIP Journal on Information Security, 2014(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-417X-2014-4

Jain, A. (2017, April 21). What we’re doing to prevent fake listing scams. Airbnb Newsroom. https://news.airbnb.com/what-were-doing-to-prevent-fake-listing-scams

Jones, R. (2023, September 28). Up to tenth of Amazon shoppers in Great Britain ‘bribed’ by sellers to offer good review, poll finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/28/up-to-tenth-of-amazon-shoppers-in-great-britain-bribed-by-sellers-to-offer-good-review-poll-finds

Kennedy, L. (2022, July 4). How to avoid getting caught up in the pet scam boom. Choice. https://www.choice.com.au/outdoor/pets/products/articles/pet-scams

Kerr, D. (2019, October 24). Lyft is fostering a sexual assault ‘epidemic,’ victims say. CNET. https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/features/lyft-is-fostering-a-sexual-assault-epidemic-victims-say

King, T. C., Aggarwal, N., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2020). Artificial intelligence crime: An interdisciplinary analysis of foreseeable threats and solutions. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(1), 89–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-00081-0

Liu, B., Xiao, B., Jiang, X., Cen, S., He, X., & Dou, W. (2023). Adversarial attacks on large language model-based system and mitigating strategies: A case study on ChatGPT. Security and Communication Networks, 8691095, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8691095

Low, H., & Fakim, N. (2023, May 30). Booking.com guests turning up at family’s home in Plumstead. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-65726102

Mann, T. (2019, August 21). Friends arrive at £5500 ‘luxury’ Booking.com villa to find nothing but wasteland. Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/friends-show-up-5500-luxury-18976743

Marr, B. (2023, May 19). A short history of ChatGPT: How we got to where we are today. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/05/19/a-short-history-of-chatgpt-how-we-got-to-where-we-are-today/

Marsh, S. (2023, April 22). ‘It can be incredibly profitable’: The secret world of fake online reviews. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2023/apr/22/it-can-be-incredibly-profitable-the-secret-world-of-fake-online-reviews

May, N. (2022, September 5). Losses from ‘heart-wrenching’ puppy scams increase 1,000% over last two years. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/sep/05/losses-from-heart-wrenching-puppy-scams-increase-1000-over-last-two-years

McCormick, E. (2023, April 22). Gone in seconds: Rising text message scams are draining US bank accounts. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2023/apr/22/robo-texts-scams-bank-accounts

Miller, E. J., Steward, B. A., Witkower, Z., Sutherland, C. A. M., Krumhuber, E. G., & Dawel, A.(2023). AI hyperrealism: Why AI faces are perceived as more real than human ones. Psychological Science, 34(12), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976231207095

Mzekandaba, S. (2023, April 4). Cyber crime’s annual impact on SA estimated at R2.2bn. ITWeb. https://www.itweb.co.za/content/JN1gPvOAxY3MjL6m

Nightingale, S. J., & Farid, H. (2022). AI-synthesized faces are indistinguishable from real faces and more trustworthy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 119(8), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.212048111

Ognyanova, K., Lazer, D., Robertson, R. E., & Wilson, C. (2020). Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, 1(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-024

O’Neill, S. (2018, September 12). A peddler of fake reviews on TripAdvisor gets jail time. Skift. https://skift.com/2018/09/12/fake-reviews-tripadvisor-jail-italy

Ooi, K-B., Tan, G. W-H., Al-Emran, M., Al-Sharafi, M. A., Capatina, A., Chakraborty, A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Huang, T-L., Kar, A. K., Lee, V-H., Loh, X-M., Micu, A., Mikalef, P., Mogaji, E., Pandey, N., Raman, R., Rana, N. P., Sarker, P., Sharma, A., Teng, C-I., Wamba, S. F., & Wong, L-W. (2023). The potential of generative artificial intelligence across disciplines: Perspectives and future directions. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2023.2261010

Patel, A. (2023, February 14). Analysis of YouTube USDT crypto scams. Withsecure. https://labs.withsecure.com/content/dam/labs/docs/WithSecure_Analysis_of_USDT_crypto_scams_on_YouTube.pdf

Roose, K. (2023, May 30). A.I. poses ‘risk of extinction,’ industry leaders warn. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html

Ropek, L. (2022, July 23). What is ‘pig butchering,’ the crypto scam that’s flooding the FBI’s phone lines? Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/what-is-a-pig-butchering-crypto-scam-1849316921

Rushing, E. (2020, March 9). A Philly lawyer nearly wired $9,000 to a stranger impersonating his son’s voice, showing just how smart scammers are getting. The Philadelphia Inquirer. https://www.inquirer.com/news/voice-scam-impersonation-fraud-bail-bond-artificial-intelligence-20200309.html

Sartori, L., & Theodorou, A. (2022). A sociotechnical perspective for the future of AI: Narratives, inequalities, and human control. Ethics and Information Technology, 24(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09624-3

Sekudu, B. (2023, March 13). Joburg LGBTQIA+ community still targeted by “Grindr Gang” after 13 reports of attacks in 8 months. News24. https://www.news24.com/life/relationships/dating/joburg-lgbtiq-community-still-targeted-by-grindr-gang-after-13-reports-of-attacks-in-8-months-20230313

Shah, P. (2023, May 12). Facebook Marketplace’s dirty dozen: The 12 most common scams and how to avoid them. Android Police. https://www.androidpolice.com/avoid-facebook-marketplace-scams/#mailing-items

Sthapit, E., & Björk, P. (2019). Sources of distrust: Airbnb guests’ perspectives. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.05.009

Stone, B. (2018). The upstarts: Uber, Airbnb, and the battle for the new Silicon Valley. Back Bay Books.

Stouffer, C. (2022, August 26). 12 Instagram scams to know and avoid in 2023. Norton. https://us.norton.com/blog/online-scams/instagram-scams#

Temperton, J. (2020, November 2). I stumbled across a huge Airbnb scam that’s taking over London. Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/airbnb-scam-london

Thomas, T. (2022, March 8). Internet scams to be included in UK online safety bill. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/mar/08/internet-scams-now-included-in-uk-online-safety-bill

Tripadvisor. (2023). Tripadvisor review transparency report. https://www.tripadvisor.com/TransparencyReport2023

Turkos, A. (2019, September 17). Why I’m suing Lyft. Medium. https://aturkos.medium.com/why-im-suing-lyft-6a409e316d1f

UK Finance. (2022). Over £1.2 billion stolen through fraud in 2022, with nearly 80 per cent of app fraud cases starting online. https://www.ukfinance.org.uk/news-and-insight/press-release/over-ps12-billion-stolen-through-fraud-in-2022-nearly-80-cent-app

Vahl, S. (2022, 3 August). Booking.com scam: Tourists descend on north London private home. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-62407046

Wach, K., Duong, C. D., Ejdys, J., Kazlauskaitė, R., Korzynski, P., Mazurek, G., Paliszkiewicz, J., & Ziemba, E. (2023). The dark side of generative artificial intelligence: A critical analysis of controversies and risks of ChatGPT. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 11(2), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2023.110201

Walsh, C., Saxena, D., & Muzellec, L. (2020). AirBnB: Managing trust and safety on a platform business. The Irish Journal of Management, 39(2), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijm-2020-0004

Walsh, H. (2023, April 21). Facebook fake review groups targeting Amazon, Google and Trustpilot. Which? https://www.which.co.uk/news/article/facebook-still-infiltrated-by-fake-review-factories-aTTJ24L5vYyJ

Whitty, M., & Buchanan, T. (2012). The psychology of the online dating romance scam. University of Leicester. https://www.scribd.com/document/296206044/The-Psychology-of-the-Online-Dating-Romance-Scam-copypasteads-com

Wood, Z. (2023, June 18). Social media sites failing to curb ‘cottage industry’ of fake reviews, Amazon says. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/money/2023/jun/18/amazon-social-media-platforms-fake-online-reviews

Zamani, E. D., Choudrie, J., Katechos, G., & Yin, Y. (2019). Trust in the sharing economy: The AirBnB case. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 119(9), 1947–1968. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2019-0207

Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(39), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0

Downloads

Published

31-08-2024

Issue

Section

Research Articles

How to Cite

“Risks of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI)-assisted scams on online sharing-economy platforms” (2024) The African Journal of Information and Communication (AJIC), (33), pp. 1–21. doi:10.23962/ajic.i33.18162.
Views
  • Abstract 201
  • PDF 77