Radio, communications mobiles et autonomisation des femmes : expériences à Mathare, Nairobi
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.23962/ajic.i30.13753Résumé
Cet article présente les résultats d'une étude sur l'autonomisation des jeunes femmes grâce à l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC), en particulier la radio et les communications mobiles, dans les quartiers informels de Mathare à Nairobi. Les données ont été recueillies par le biais de discussions de groupe et d’entretiens approfondis avec des jeunes femmes. Les résultats ont été extrapolés à travers le prisme du cadre en cinq étapes de Longwe sur l'autonomisation des femmes (Longwe, 1991). Longwe postule que l'autonomisation des femmes peut être envisagée dans une optique d’ascension, la première étape étant le bien-être, puis l'accès, la conscientisation, la participation, et enfin le contrôle, qui est le niveau d'autonomisation le plus élevé. L'étude révèle que l'utilisation de la radio et des communications mobiles a permis à de nombreuses jeunes femmes de discuter des enjeux qui les concernent, d'obtenir des informations utiles sur la manière d'améliorer leurs moyens de subsistance et d'accéder à l'inclusion financière en s'engageant dans des activités génératrices de revenus. En outre, ce type de communication a contribué à l’émancipation des femmes en leur donnant accès à des services financiers et en leur donnant la possibilité de gérer leurs finances. Une telle libération, si on l’envisage dans le cadre de Longwe (1991), constitue une progression remarquable, depuis les étapes initiales jusqu'aux niveaux les plus élevés que sont la participation et le contrôle. Cependant, l’étude fait également ressortir que des facteurs socioéconomiques et culturels, hérités de traditions et de mentalités patriarcales, freinent encore, dans une certaine mesure, l’autonomisation des jeunes femmes par les TIC.
Références
Abubakar, N., Dasuki, S. I., & Quaye, A. (2017). The contribution of ICTs to women empowerment: A capability perspective. Paper presented to the Twenty-Third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston.
Bailur, S., & Masiero, S. (2017). Women’s income generation through mobile internet: A study of focus group data from Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. Technology and Development, 21(1–2), 77–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2017.1385312
Batliwala, S. (1994). The meaning of women’s empowerment: New concepts from action. In G. Sen, A. Germain, & L. C. Chen (Eds.), Population policies reconsidered: Health, empowerment, and rights. Harvard University Press.
Booi, S. L., Chigona, W., Maliwichi, P., & Kunene, K. (2019). The influence of telecentres on the economic empowerment of the youth in disadvantaged communities of South Africa. Paper presented to the 15th IFIP WG 9.4 International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, Dar es Salaam, 1–3 May. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18400-1_13
Crider, D. (2022). Listening, but not being heard: Young women, popular music, streaming, and radio. Popular Music and Society, 45(5), 600–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2022.2111513
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. SAGE.
Ekwok, L. (2018). The effects of public service broadcasting on rural development: A study of the impact of selected programmes of Cross River Radio, Ikom and four other rural areas. LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research, 15(3), 216–237.
Fajula, A., Barbeito, M., Barrio, E., Enrique, A. M., & Perona, J. J. (2021). Feminist stereotypes and women’s roles in Spanish radio ads. Media and Communication, 9(2), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.3762
Golzard, V. (2019). Economic empowerment of Iranian women through the internet. Gender in Management, 35(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-11-2017-0145
GSMA. (2021). Connected women: The mobile gender gap report 2021. https://www.gsma.com/r/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Mobile-Gender-Gap-Report-2021.pdf
Hancock, D. R., & Algozzine, B. (2017). Doing case study research: A practical guide for beginning researchers. Teachers College Press.
Heywood, E. (2020). Radio journalism and women’s empowerment in Niger. Journalism Studies, 21(10), 1344–1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1745668
Heywood, E., & Ivey, B. (2021). Radio as an empowering environment: How does radio broadcasting in Mali represent women’s “web of relations”? Feminist Media Studies, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1877768
Hussain, F., & Amin, S. N. (2018). ‘I don’t care about their reactions’: Agency and ICTs in women’s empowerment in Afghanistan. Gender & Development, 26(2), 249–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2018.1475924
Hussien, S., & Khedr, W. (2019). Do mobile phones empower women? Evidence from rural Egypt. Journal of the Faculty of Commerce for Scientific Research, 56(2), 193–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2018.1475924
Jaeger, R. M. (1997). Complementary research methods for research in education (2nd ed.). American Educational Research Association.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2019). 2019 Kenya population and housing census.
Komen, L. J., & Ling, R. (2021). ‘NO! We don’t have a joint account’: Mobile telephony, mBanking, and gender inequality in the lives of married women in western rural Kenya. Information, Communication & Society, 24(16), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1927137
Kovačič, P., & Lundine, J. (2014). Mapping Kibera: Empowering slum residents by ICT. In S. Livingston & G. Walter-Drop (Eds.), Bits and atoms: Information and communication technology in areas of limited statehood. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199941599.003.0008
Longwe, S. H. (1991). Gender awareness: The missing element in the Third World development project. In T. Wallace & C. March (Eds.), Changing perceptions: Writings on gender and development (pp. 149–157). Oxfam.
Lundine, J., Kovačič, P., & Poggiali, L. (2012). Youth and digital mapping in urban informal settlements: Lessons learned from participatory mapping processes in Mathare in Nairobi, Kenya. Children, Youth and Environments, 22(2), 214–233. https://doi.org/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.22.2.0214
Macwan, U. (2017, April 24). Mobile technology, its importance, present and future trends. Finextra.
March, C., Smyth, I., & Mukhopadhyay, M. (1999) Women’s empowerment (Longwe) framework. In A guide to gender-analysis frameworks (pp. 92–101). Oxfam. https://doi.org/10.3362/9780855987602.000
Mwangi, S. (2021). Appropriating new digital technology in community radio broadcasting in Kenya: A case study of Realist FM. African Multidisciplinary Journal of Research, 6(1), 1–18.
Nangooba, M.(2020). Role of radio in improving livelihoods: The case of Central Broadcasting Services’ project to empower women in savings and loan associations in Nsangi Sub- County, Wakiso District, Uganda. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development, 7(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.4314/jssd.v7i1.3
Nayyar, T., Aggarwal, S., Khatter, D., Kumar, K., Goswami, S., & Saini, L. (2019). Opportunities and challenges in digital literacy: Assessing the impact of digital literacy training for empowering urban poor women. University of Delhi.
Niyonzima, D., & Bhuju, K. (2021). The role of community radio in promoting gender equality in Rwanda. In C. Simon, F. Elsebeth, G. Mariateresa, H. Shabbir, K. Iqbal, A. L. C. Lopez, J. Lugo-Ocando, & L. D. Pant (Eds.), Handbook of research on discrimination, gender disparity, and safety risks in journalism (pp.343–365).IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6686-2.ch018
Ntshangase, J. S. (2021). Mapping community radio in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journalism.co.za. Porter, G., Hampshire, K., Abane, A., Munthali, A., Robson, E., De Lannoy, A., Tanle, A., & Owusu, S. (2020). Mobile phones, gender, and female empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa: Studies with African youth. Information Technology for Development, 26(1), 180–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.1622500
Rahman, H. (2014). The role of ICT in open and distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 15(4), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.47700
Rimmer, A. (2021). Breaking the silence: Community radio, women, and empowerment. Community Development Journal, 56(2), 338–355. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsz030
Rotondi, V., Kashyap, R., Pesando, L. M., Spinelli, S., & Billari, F. (2020). Leveraging mobile phones to attain sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(24), 13413–13420. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909326117
Singh, S., & Vanka, S. (2020). Achieving women empowerment through ICT: Case of a government initiative in India. In P. Rekha, S. Birte, & S. Nilima (Eds.), Handbook of research on new dimensions of gender mainstreaming and women empowerment (pp. 87–104). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2819-8.ch006
Sinha, S. (2017). Multiple roles of working women and psychological well-being. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 26(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_70_16
Simmons, J. (2019). The political economy of education for village development. In P.C. Reining & B. Lenkerd (Eds.), Village viability in contemporary society (pp. 287- 314). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429267000-12
Solomon, D. R. G. (2019). Women’s empowerment through community radio: A case study of Bakitha Radio, South Sudan. Master’s dissertation, Makerere University, Uganda.
Tijani-Adenle, G. (2022). Women FM (W.FM): The women-focused radio station amplifying the voices of Nigerian women. In M. Lindgren & J. Loviglio (Eds.), The Routledge companion to radio and podcast studies (pp. 327–338). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003002185-38
UN Habitat (2020). Informal settlements’ vulnerability mapping in Kenya: The case of Mathare.
Varriale, C., Pesando, L. M., Kashyap, R., & Rotondi, V. (2022). Mobile phones and attitudes toward women’s participation in politics: Evidence from Africa. Sociology of Development, 8(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1525/sod.2020.0039
Wamuyu, P. K. (2017). Closing the digital divide in low-income urban communities: A domestication approach. Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning, 13, 117–142. https://doi.org/10.28945/3885
Wei, W., Sarker, T., Żukiewicz-Sobczak, W., Roy, R., Alam, G. M., Rabbany, M. G., Hossain, M. S., & Aziz, N. (2021). The influence of women’s empowerment on poverty reduction in the rural areas of Bangladesh: Focus on health, education and living standard. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136909
World Wide Web Foundation. (2015). Women’s rights online: Translating access into empowerment.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Copyright Grace Githaiga, Norbert Wildermuth 2022
Ce travail est disponible sous la licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International .
Comment citer
- Résumé 867
- PDF (Anglais) 368
.png){kind=spacer}